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# Testing AE

Haskell provides QuickCheck a domain-specific language widely used for testing and adapted to many other languages. Like Parsec, QuickCheck takes a bit of time to learn, but is a worthwhile tool to have available.

What QuickCheck does is rather ingenious. Let’s assume that we’ve written a function and would like to test that a property holds for a set of arbitrary inputs to that function. As a concrete example, let’s define a function f x = x * x and a property p v = v >= 0. f is the function under test and p is the property being tested. Note the signatures of f and p:

f::Int -> Int
f x = (x * x)

p::Int -> Bool
p v = v >= 0


If we want to say that p holds for all f, we would prove the following property:

This tells us that for every integer $x$, $p$ holds for $f x$. (This is actually an easy proof, but for discussion let’s assume we have only testing available to us.)

To test p we can easily write a function:

\x -> (p (f x))


and call that function with numerous random values of x. The more tests run, the more confident we are in the result.

This is precisely what QuickCheck does. Specifically:

quickCheck (\x -> (p (f x)))


will generate 100 arbitrary Int values and call (\x -> (p (f x))) on each. In this case, the square of every integer is greater than or equal to zero, and we get the result:

+++ OK, passed 100 tests.


Choosing a test that is false for some integers:

p' v = (v /= 100)


causes QuickCheck to display a counterexample:

quickCheck (\x-> (p' (f x)))
*** Failed! Falsifiable (after 18 tests and 1 shrink):
10


In this case, 100 random tests were enough to discover that 100 is the square of 10 and the test condition is thus false.

### Arbitrary and Generators

Part of the magic of QuickCheck is the ability to generate random test cases. In this example, QuickCheck must generate random Int values. Because Int is a commonly used type, the ability to generate random Int values is built-in to QuickCheck. In contrast AE is a custom, user-defined type that is not built-in.

QuickCheck requires that the domain of any function it is called on be an instance of class Arbitrary providing a function arbitrary that generates an arbitrary value of that type. We must make AE and instance of Arbitrary:

instance Arbitrary AE where
arbitrary = ...


The type signature of arbitrary tells us what direction we need to follow:

arbitrary :: Arbitrary a => Gen a


The arbitrary operator is of type Gen a where a is also an instance of Arbitrary. Gen is a generator.

Let’s start by generating an arbitrary Num. The genNumFirst function does this by returning an arbitrary number:

genNumFirst =
do t <- arbitrary
return (Num t)


There is quite a bit going on here. First note that Arbitrary is a monad allowing use of the do notation to bind identifiers and sequence generators. Using do, genNumFirst calls arbitrary, binds the result to t, and then returns (Num t). Now we see arbitrary at work. The Num constructor in the return statement constrains t to be of type Int. This is how the correct arbitrary instance is identified for t. Int is an instance of Arbitrary and its associated arbitrary function is used to generate a value for t. genNumFirst generates arbitrary Num values ofby lifting arbitrary Int values into our AST.

Suppose we don’t want to look at all Int values, but only a range. The built in choose operation does exactly this by restricting the range of arbitrary. genNum uses choose to generate arbitrary Num values over a subrange of Int:

genNum =
do t <- choose (0,100)
return (Num t)


We could stop now and define AE to be an instance of Arbitrary as follows:

instance Arbitrary AE where
arbitrary = genNum


Of course our arbitrary values of AE are not so arbitrary as they will only include number values ranging from 0 to 100. We need some terms that involve Plus and Minus if our intent is testing an interpreter.

Let’s start with Plus and think about how we might generate arbitrary terms. The simplest approach is to generate Plus terms over arbitrary numbers:

genPlusFirst =
do t1 <- genNum
t2 <- genNum
return (Plus t1 t2)


This generator gets us part way there, but only generates terms of the form (Plus (Num v1) (Num v2)) where v1 and v2 are arbitrary Int values. A term of the form (Plus (Plus (Num 1) (Num 2)) (Num 3)) would never be generated. What we need is to generate terms recursively in the Plus generator. Unfortunately we don’t have a generator for terms yet, so we’ll have to set this aside and just use genPlusFirst.

Minus is identical to Plus modulo the constructor name, so we’ll defer that generator as well and assume we have genMinusFirst available.

Now let’s put our generators together to generate a more complete set of terms using genAE. The simplest way to compose generators for our individual terms is to use the oneof operator that chooses one generator arbitrarily from a list of generators:

genAEFirst = oneof [genNum,genPlus,genMinus]


If we use genAEFirst we arbitrarily generate a Num, Plus or Minus. Getting closer, but not quite there. Remember that genPlusFirst and genMinusFirst only build terms from Num. With a generator for AE we can fix that now by using genAEFirst where we used genNum:

genPlusSecond =
do s <- genAEFirst
t <- genAEFirst
return (Plus s t)


If we do the same thing with genMinusSecond we will now generate arbitrary AE terms. Unfortunately, those arbitrary AE terms are of arbitrary size. Mathematically this is perfectly fine as really big things don’t bother us in the symbolic world. Pragmatically this is not perfectly fine as genAEFirst can now generate arbitrarily huge test cases. If you want to see what this does, use sample to generate a few test cases and be prepared to terminate your Haskell process!

How do we make our generator for AE not go into the weeds generating huge test cases? The easiest way is to add a size limit to the AE generator function by adding a size parameter to genAE that is decremented on each call to genAE.

Let’s start with genAE by adding a size parameter, n and a base case when n hits zero:

genAE :: Int -> Gen AE
genAE 0 =
do term <- genNum
return term
genAE n =
do term <- oneof [genNum,(genPlus (n-1)),(genMinus (n-1))]
return term


This new function takes a size counter and produces a generator. If the size counter is zero, then the generator will only produce a number and will not recurse. If the size counter is not zero, then the generator will produce an arbitrary (TODO: term?) while decrementing the size counter. genPlus and genMinus must be similarly extended to include the size counter:

genPlus n =
do s <- genAE n
t <- genAE n
return (Plus s t)


The counter is simply passed to genAE where it will be decremented in any mutually recursive call to genPlus or genMinus. Note that it is always an option to call genNum when the counter is not zero. This allows for any term whose size is less than the counter, not just equal to it.

Now we make AE and instance of Arbitrary by using genAE to define the arbitrary function:

instance Arbitrary AE where
arbitrary =
sized $\n -> genAE (rem n 10)  What’s going on here is obfuscated by underlying construction of generators, but let’s see if we can make sense of it. sized is a function that accepts an argument of type Int -> Gen a. sized then chooses an arbitrary positive integer and calls its argument on that value to produce a generator. In effect, the parameter n is an arbitrary value that we can use to produce a generator. We could just use n as an argument to genAE. What I’ve done is use the rem function to convert n into an arbitrary value less than 10. This is a bit of overkill, but demonstrates how we can use sized to arbitrarily size a structure. Another alternative would define arbitrary this way: arbitrary = sized$ \n -> genAE (rem n 10) + 10


In this case the arbitrary values would have a maximum size ranging from 10 to 19. There are all kinds of games one can play to generate interesting arbitrary cases.

Before we go on, here’s all the code for our generators and making AE and instance of Abitrary in one place:

instance Arbitrary AE where
arbitrary =
sized $\n -> genAE (rem n 10) genNum = do t <- choose (0,100) return (Num t) genPlus n = do s <- genAE n t <- genAE n return (Plus s t) genMinus n = do s <- genAE n t <- genAE n return (Minus s t) genAE :: Int -> Gen AE genAE 0 = do term <- genNum return term genAE n = do term <- oneof [genNum,(genPlus (n-1)),(genMinus (n-1))] return term  An idiom is emerging even in this simple interpreter that merits attention. We defined our parser, interpreter, generator, and pretty printer the same way. Define the function for each individual case, then put the cases together to define the overall function. Remember this. It will serve you well. ### QuickCheck Now that we can generate arbitrary AE values, we can start our testing. Like many things in Haskell, once the preparatory work is done, using what we built is rather simple. Before we can run QuickCheck, we need to determine what it is we’re going to test for. For a traditional test case, we provide an input and an expected output. QuickCheck performs random testing meaning that we need to express correctness in terms of an unknown test case. We can’t simply find eval n and compare it to a known value. Let’s first look at our parser for some ideas. If the parser and pretty printer are working correctly, pretty printing an AE structure and parsing the result, should give us the same AE structure. Formally: To turn this into an input for QuickCheck we simply remove the universal quantifier and pass in a value for$t$. The Haskell representation is: \t -> parseAE (pprint t) == t  Calling QuickCheck on this function generates 100 arbitrary AE values and test each one: quickCheck (\t -> parseAE (pprint t) == t) +++ OK, passed 100 tests.  We can play with parameters to QuickCheck that adjust the number of test cases to some larger or smaller set of test cases: quickCheckWith stdArgs {maxSuccess=500} (\t -> parseAE (pprint t) == t) +++ OK, passed 500 tests.  and define a utility function that can be used during development quickly run a set of tests on a parser instance: testParser :: Int -> IO () testParser n = quickCheckWith stdArgs {maxSuccess=n} (\t -> parseAE (pprint t) == t)  This final function is included in the source for AE as an example test function. Note the type of testParser taking an Int and generating something that is printed. Lets move forward and test the evaluator in a similar way. Again, what to test? There’s not much to work with here, so let’s test another property that is interesting, but does not represent correctness: \t -> interp . pprint t == eval t  What this property says is evaluating an AE structure gives us the same thing as pretty printing and then interpreting the same structure. Let’s embed that property in a test function for the evaluator: testEval :: Int -> IO () testEval n = quickCheckWith stdArgs {maxSuccess=n} (\t -> (interp$ pprint t) == (eval t))


Not much of a test, but if any of our components crashed QuickCheck will help find those cases.